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How underground railways developed in major European cities in the 19th century
In the first half of the 19th century, European cities were expand rapidly, bring larger populationd and many urban problems, like traffic congestion. The development of underground mass transit eased some of these pressures of rapid population growth.
Metropolitan London
London was the first city to construct an underground railway beneath its bustling streets.
By 1850, the city already had seven train stations and it was estimated that around 200,000 people entered the City of London every day. The concept of an underground railway linking the City with mainline train stations has already been proposed in the 1830s, and a new proposal on these lines was finally accepted in 1852.
The Metropolitan Railway started operating in London in January 1863 as a goods and passenger service. Its wooden carriages were gas-lit and hauled by steam locomotives. From 1905 onward, the tracks were gradually electrified.
Other cities follow suit
Other European cities felt similar growing pains as London during the late 19th century.
The Budapest opened its electrified metro system in 1896. Glasgow finished its first lines later that same year, followed by Chicago the year after. The Paris metro opened in 1900 after enormous efforts.
Many more systems followed - including Berlin and Madrid. Today there are 212 metro or rapid transit systems operating around the world.
How to construct an underground metro system
The construction of underground metro systems often raises concerns about undermining building foundations and the risk of subsidence caused by digging and vibrations. These concerns were not unfounded because many early lines were built using a technique known as "cut-and-cover". This involved relatively shallow tunnels for which a trench is excavated and roofed over with an overhead support system.
The advantage was that the smoke from the steam engines could easily escape to the nearby surface. The downside to this way of building were the enormous excavation pits at the surface level, for which everything on top had to be demolished, although they usually followed the street plan.
Deeper tunnelling, sometimes into the bedrock, became possible with the introduction of pneumatic drills and tunnel boring machines from the 19th century onwards.
In this way, some metro tunnels and stations were constructed at a staggering depth. It goes without saying that constructing metro systems was – and is – a strenuous job for workers.
Later in the 19th century, as electrified locomotives became available and networks expanded, metro tunnels could be built deeper underground. The underground lines could also continue above the surface, connecting to overground railway lines.
Train carriages became more comfortable over time too, although overcrowding has remained a challenge.
Metros: here to stay?
There are no signs of metros becoming obsolete anytime soon.
Today, the London Underground serves over 1.3 billion passengers annually and 4.8 million daily – and it’s only the world’s 11th busiest metro system.
Although the construction of underground railways is costly, time-consuming and inconvenient, they are an effective alternative to the air pollution, urban congestion and civic blight brought by motorised vehicles on city streets.
This blog post is a part of the Europeana Common Culture project, which explores varied aspects of our shared cultural heritage across Europe.